Conozca cómo impacta la resistencia antimicrobiana en la salud pública
¿Qué es la resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM)?
La RAM es un fenómeno natural que se da cuando los virus, bacterias, hongos y parásitos cambian –sobreviven, crecen y multiplican– y dejan de responder a los medicamentos desarrollados para tratar y prevenir una serie, cada vez mayor, de enfermedades e infecciones generadas por estos microorganismos, poniendo en riesgo su eficacia y haciendo más difícil su tratamiento.
De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la RAM supone una problemática cada vez mayor para la salud pública a nivel global, situándola entre las diez principales amenazas a las que se enfrenta actualmente la humanidad.
¿A quiénes afecta la RAM y cómo?
Al ser un fenómeno natural, la RAM afecta a las personas de cualquier edad alrededor del mundo. He de ahí el por qué diferentes organizaciones están preocupadas por la acelerada propagación de las bacterias multirresistentes y las llamadas superbacterias.
Datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) establecen que la resistencia antimicrobiana es la causante de 700.000 muertes anuales alrededor el mundo; sin embargo, se estima que para el 2050 serán diez millones si no se toman las medidas pertinentes.
La resistencia a los antibióticos incrementa debido a circunstancias ocasionadas por:
- El uso y la prescripción indebida de antimicrobianos: los antibióticos deben ingerirse únicamente cuando sean requeridos y bajo prescripción médica. Consumir estos fármacos cuando no es necesario puede generar efectos secundarios perjudiciales para la salud.
Adicionalmente, no se deben compartir ni ingerir los medicamentos prescritos a otras personas, ya que podría traer consecuencias a largo plazo.
- La falta de higiene y saneamiento deficiente: estos factores incrementan la propagación de microorganismos, algunos de los cuales pueden ser resistentes a los tratamientos antimicrobianos.
- Reasignación de recursos designados para la vigilancia de la resistencia antimicrobiana hacia otros intereses: debido a la pandemia por covid-19, las prioridades del mundo han generado una reducción en las actividades que buscan la erradicación de la RAM, por ejemplo, en las relacionadas con las medidas para la tuberculosis multirresistente.
- Uso indebido y continuo de los antibióticos en la agricultura.
- El control inadecuado de las infecciones en clínicas y hospitales.
¿Por qué la resistencia antimicrobiana es motivo de preocupación?
- Infecciones serias como la neumonía y la tuberculosis pueden llegar a ser imposibles de tratar.
- Muchos procedimientos médicos de rutina podrían llegar a ser peligrosos, debido al riesgo de que el paciente se infecte en el hospital con un microorganismo multirresistente a los antibióticos.
- Infecciones y lesiones menores pueden convertirse en una amenaza de vida.
- Viajar podría considerarse muy riesgoso, impactando el comercio global.
- Una de cada cuatro infecciones, con largo tiempo de internamiento en las áreas de cuidados intensivos, es causada por bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos.
- El costo de la atención médica suele incrementar debido a estadías más prolongadas en hospitales.
Resistencia antimicrobiana y la pandemia por covid-19
La pandemia acaparó la atención del mundo y de los sistemas de salud generando, también, consecuencias en la lucha contra la resistencia de los microorganismos a los antibióticos y el manejo de infecciones.
Algunas de las repercusiones que ha tenido covid-19 en el combate contra la RAM son:
- Aumento de la prescripción de antibióticos para prevenir infecciones bacterianas secundarias.
- Incremento de consultas vía telemedicina.
- Reasignación de recursos designados para la vigilancia de la resistencia antimicrobiana hacia otros intereses.
La RAM y la sepsis, ¿cuál es la relación entre ambas?
La sepsis es una enfermedad que sucede cuando un organismo produce una respuesta inmunitaria desbalanceada y anómala, ante una infección. Si no se trata tempranamente, puede ocasionar daños irreversibles en tejidos, insuficiencia múltiple de órganos y un choque séptico.
Algunas de las bacterias que la producen, se han vuelto resistentes a ciertos antibióticos, he de ahí su relación con la resistencia antimicrobiana.
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